Quantum Security is a field within cryptography that combines quantum technology with the need to ensure a high level of security in computer systems. It is an emerging area aimed at developing methods to protect data from the threats posed by potential advances in quantum computers. Quantum computers, due to their unique nature, could potentially break current cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and ECC, which rely on difficult mathematical problems like prime factorization.
Technologies in Quantum Security
- Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC): This technology develops cryptographic algorithms that are resistant to attacks from quantum computers. It includes various algorithms that use new, more “quantum-resilient” approaches to solving cryptographic problems. Examples include lattice-based algorithms like NTRU or Kyber, which rely on complex problems related to lattice theory, code-based cryptography (e.g., McEliece), and multivariate cryptography (e.g., NTS-KEM).
- Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): This technology allows for the secure transmission of cryptographic keys using the principles of quantum physics. QKD enables the detection of any eavesdropping attempts because observing a quantum state changes it, which can be detected by communicating parties. BB84 is one of the first and most important QKD protocols used for generating shared secrets between parties, with security guaranteed by the principles of quantum physics.
- Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG): The generation of random numbers using the physical properties of quantum processes. These numbers are considered more random and less susceptible to attacks compared to traditional random number generators.
Securing SSH or SSL Connections with Quantum Technologies
- SSH and SSL Security with Post-Quantum Cryptography: SSH (Secure Shell) and SSL/TLS currently use algorithms such as RSA, ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), or DH (Diffie-Hellman) for secure data transmission. Quantum computers could easily break these algorithms in the future. Experimental versions of SSH and TLS are already implementing post-quantum cryptography algorithms, such as Kyber (for key exchange) and FrodoKEM (based on lattices), which are resistant to quantum attacks. While quantum-secure implementations are not yet widespread in commercial SSH or SSL/TLS systems, organizations like NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) are working on standardizing quantum-resistant algorithms, which may soon be implemented in common protocols, including SSH and SSL/TLS.
- QKD in SSH and SSL Connections: Although QKD enables secure key transmission, its implementation in real-world communication systems like SSH or SSL is still in the experimental stage and requires specialized hardware. Currently, QKD is mainly used in closed networks with the necessary infrastructure for quantum key distribution (e.g., fiber optics, key distribution stations).
How to Secure SSH Connections Using Quantum-Safe Technology An example of an SSH connection configuration that uses quantum-safe cryptography can be found on IBM Quantum-Safe SSH. It demonstrates how to set up a secure SSH connection using post-quantum cryptography to protect communication from potential threats associated with quantum computers. The process involves using new key exchange algorithms and quantum-resistant digital signatures, such as Kyber or Falcon. It shows how to update both the SSH server and client to support these algorithms by integrating the appropriate cryptographic libraries. The example also emphasizes testing the system for performance and compatibility, presenting a hybrid solution that combines classical algorithms with post-quantum algorithms, ensuring data protection in both current and future technological realities.